The exterminationist theory is that the "Final Solution" was a policy to kill all of the Jews, only leaving some alive temporarily for labor purposes.
Browning defines "Final Solution" as:
"the systematic attempt to murder every last Jew within the German grasp."This claim this is supported by the documents nor is it supported by the physical evidence. Additionally, there is no consensus here regarding testimony (the weakest form of evidence). What I'm saying is the testimony goes both ways.
Browning claims that it was "Autumn 1941" when "Final solution" changed from "forced emigration" to "murder every last Jew." Consider that that there is no actual date, because it did not happen. Typically it is stated that the Wannsee conference (January 1942) is when this "murder every last Jew" decision was codified.
This hypothesis is outright contradicted by the documents. Further, there is no physical evidence which can actually be shown to substantiate this hypothesis -- although, if it was true, there would be millions of pounds of physical evidence in exactly known locations. Indeed, you have essentially admitted that a case can not be made for the alleged huge mass graves.
The documents show that "Final Solution" was a very real policy and that the proposed "solution to the Jewish question" went through multiple stages:
0. Pre-NSDAP - Jews such as Herzl (the father of Zionism) stated that a Jewish state was a "solution to the Jewish question."
1. Pre-WW2 - Encouraging emigration from Germany. Most of the Jews in Germany left the country before the outbreak of was (Sept 1939). The war, for obvious reasons, made this problematic. Further, the outbreak of war created a need for labor. Labor camps were set up for this and Jews were arrested and placed in them, along with common criminals and other groups that could not be trusted. Other countries, such as hte USA, also had internment camps during WW2.
2. Beginning of WW2 - Because voluntary emigration ("voluntary" in the sense that they weren't forced, although Jews lost citizenship and other rights to encourage them to leave) was no longer viable, talks were made of resettling/deporting Jews. The measures taken were always considered to be "temporary." Sending able-bodied Jews somewhere and leaving them alone would not have been a sound policy, because they could just take up arms and join the Allied war effort. Madagascar (owned by swiftly-defeated France) was considered for a short period.
3. Middle of WW2 - Although these anti-Jewish measures were still considered temporary, the invasion of the USSR led to more territory opening up that could be used to hold Jews. An obvious issue was stated previously: Able-bodied Jews could take up arms. There was a serious issue with partisans/terrorists in the Eastern territories. Even children/women/elderly could be a threat, providing resources (food, intel, etc) to the partisans.
4. End of WW2 - The "Final Solution" was officially "postponed until after the war" - which, ultimately, was the end of it. Territories were being lost in the East to the Soviets because of the failure of Operation Barbarossa.
Documents:
24 June 1940, Reinhard Heydrich ("One of the main architects of the Holocaust") wrote a letter to Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop:
"Field Marshall General [Goering] commissioned myself in January 1939 with implementing Jewish emigration from the whole Reich territory. Despite difficulties, in the following period it proved possible to successfully continue with Jewish emigration, even during the war... The overall problem... can no longer be solved through emigration however. A territorial final solution is therefore necessary. May I request that I be allowed to participate in any forthcoming discussions concerned with the final solution of the Jewish question should any be planned."On 12 July 1940, after meeting with Hitler, Hans Frank, Hitler's personal lawyer and governor of occupied Poland, made a speech in which he declared:
"From the viewpoint of general policy, I would like to add that it was decided to deport all the Jewish communities of Germany, of the General Government [Poland], and of the Protectorate [Bohemia-Moravia] to an African or an American colony as soon as possible after having made peace: Madagascar, which France would have to abandon to that end, has been suggested."On 20 June 1941, the intention to defer the "Solution to the Jewish problem" until after the war was revealed in the "Brown Portfolio," which was devised by Alfred Rosenberg on 20 June 1941. This was later integrated into the "Green Portfolio" of September 1942:
"All measures for the Jewish problem in the occupied eastern territories must be executed with the perspective that the Jewish problem will be solved for all of Europe in general after the war... Measures, which are of a purely harassing nature, are to be refrained from under any circumstances as being unworthy of a German."On 31 July 1941, Goering sent a letter to Heydrich reaffirming his task
"to solve the Jewish question by emigration and evacuation... for a total solution of the Jewish question in those territories in Europe under German influence."On 22 August 1941 SS-Sturmbannführer Carltheo Zeitschel, an advisor at the German embassy in Paris, wrote a note to ambassador Otto Abetz, explaining how
"The progressive conquest and occupation of the far eastern territories can presently bring the Jewish problem in all of Europe to a final satisfactory solution..."via deportations of Jews to these regions.
On 25 October 1941 Franz Rademacher, Legation Counselor at the Foreign Office, composed a note, which announced the shooting of 8,000 male Serbian Jews after "numerous acts of sabotage and revolt" and reported that:
"As soon as the technical possibility exists within the scope of the total solution of the Jewish question, the Jews will be deported by sea to the reception camps in the east."All of these documents preceding Browning's claim of a "murder every last Jew" policy being implemented detail a German policy of resettlement, deportation, and emigration of Jews. So we should then expect that the documents reflect the change he describes, correct? As you claimed, you
"don't believe there are any documents that strongly contradict the orthodox"The orthodox position is that "Final Solution" turned into "murder every last Jew" - that is literally the general definition of "The Holocaust"
Except, the documents tell a diffrent story.
On 20 January 1942, the infamous "Wannsee Conference" took place, which is where the "murder every last Jew" policy was allegedly decided upon / officially declared. However, the actual text ("Wannsee Protocols") tells a completely different story:
"The Reichsführer-SS and the Chief of the German Police was entrusted with the official central handling of the final solution of the Jewish question without regard to geographic borders. The Chief of the Security Police and the SD then gave a short report of the struggle which has been carried on thus far against this enemy, the essential points being the following:
a) the expulsion of the Jews from every sphere of life of the German people,
b) the expulsion of the Jews from the living space of the German people.
In carrying out these efforts, an increased and planned acceleration of the emigration of the Jews from Reich territory was started, as the only possible present solution... In the meantime the Reichsführer-SS and Chief of the German Police had prohibited emigration of Jews due to the dangers of an emigration in wartime and due to the possibilities of the East.
Another possible solution of the problem has now taken the place of emigration, i.e. the evacuation of the Jews to the East, provided that the Führer gives the appropriate approval in advance."Representatives of several branches of the Third Reich Government attended this conference; To put it in perspective, Adolf Eichmann was next to lowest-ranked in attendance.
On 10 February 1942, Franz Rademacher sent to another Third Reich official a memo, stating:
"The war against the Soviet Union has in the meantime created the opportunity to use other territories for the Final Solution. Accordingly, the Führer has decided that the Jews will not be shoved to Madagascar but rather to the east. Madagascar no longer needs to be earmarked for the Final Solution."Goebbels in his diary entry of 7 March 1942, probably referencing the Wannsee protocols:
"I read a detailed report from the SD and police regarding a final solution of the Jewish Question. Any final solution involves a tremendous number of new viewpoints. The Jewish Question must be solved within a pan-European frame. There are 11 million Jews still in Europe. They will have to be concentrated later, to begin with, in the East; possibly an island, such as Madagascar, can be assigned to them after the war. In any case there can be no peace in Europe until the last Jews are shut off from (ausgeschaltet) the continent."There are in fact many references to Jews being deported in Goebbels' diaries. He also gives his personal opinion that Jews should just be killed. These quotes are often provided as evidence for this "murder every last Jew" hypothesis, but they're quite the opposite. It's clear from his diaries that mass deportation was the policy in place, and killing Jews (or putting them to work) was his personal opinion on the correct course of action.
27 March 1942, Goebbels' infamous entry, he states:
"Beginning with Lublin, the Jews in the General Government are now being evacuated (abgeschoben) eastward... The ghettos that will be emptied in the cities of the General Government will now be refilled with Jews thrown out of the Reich. This process is to be repeated from time to time."In this entry he also gives his opinion that the Jews not working should be "liquidated" (killed, in this case)
Goebbels again, on 20 March 1942:
"...Finally we talk about the Jewish question. Here the Führer is as uncompromising as ever. The Jews must be gotten out of (aus...heraus) Europe, if necessary by applying most brutal methods."Goebbels again, 29 March 1942:
"In large part the Jews are once again being evacuated (evakuiert) from Berlin. About one thousand per week are shipped (verfrachtet) to the East. The suicide rate under this Jewish evacuation is extraordinarily high. This does not bother me, however."10 April 1942, Goebbels, after cheering that German suicides are down and Jewish suicides are up, writes:
"At the moment I cannot conduct rigorous evacuations (Evakuierungen), because the strong remaining Jews are needed for the armaments process. But here too a remedy will surely be found in the coming weeks."Goebbels on 20 April 1942:
"The most recent act of sabotage [in France] against a German military train which resulted in several deaths will be punished with severe reprisals. The number of people to be shot will be doubled, and over a thousand Communists and Jews will be put into freight cars and shipped (verfrachtet) to the East."If being "shipped to the east" meant just to be gassed in a "murder every last Jew" policy, they could have just been shot right there instead.
27 April 1942, Goebbels:
"I talked to the Führer once more in detail about the Jewish Question. His attitude is unrelenting. He wants, under all circumstances, to push the Jews out (herausdrängen) of Europe... Himmler is presently implementing a large resettlement (Umseidlung) of Jews from German cities to the eastern ghettos."29 April 1942, Goebbels, an often cited entry:
"The danger of the Partisans continues to exist in unmitigated intensity in the occupied areas. The Partisans have, after all, caused us very great difficulties... Short shrift (kurzen Prozess) is made of the Jews in all eastern occupied areas. Tens of thousands must bite the dust, and the Fuhrer's prophecy is fulfilled for them, that Jewry has to pay for inciting a new World War with the complete extirpation (Ausrottung) of their race."Goebbels seems to be aware that "tens of thousands" would die in the eastern territories. If this was some "murder every last Jew" policy (and not merely a question of fighting a partisan/guerilla war) why would he continually refer to the "Final Solution" as something else?
Consider this next entry, 17 May 1942:
"We are trying now to evacuate (evakuieren) the remaining Jews in Berlin to the East, on a larger scale. One third of all Jews living in Germany are located in the capital... due to the fact that, in Berlin, relatively many Jews are working in the military-industrial establishment, and, per regulation, neither they nor their families can be evacuated (evakuiert). I am seeking a repeal of this regulation, and will try to remove (aus…herauszubringen) all Jews from Berlin who are not directly engaged in war industries."This makes it rather obvious that the previous entry's description of Jews being killed in Eastern territories was part of a response to terrorist activity, and not part of any sort of "murder every last Jew" policy that would have been months underway.
Keep in mind also that these were private diary entries.
A couple more Goebbels diary entries, 29 May 1942:
"The Jews who remain in the Reich naturally represent an extremely dangerous contingent. They really belong in prison... I am constantly trying to transport (verfrachten) as many Jews as possible to the East; once they are out of reach (aus der Reichweite heraus), they can then do us no harm, at least for the time being."30 May 1942:
"The Führer does not at all wish that the Jews should be evacuated (evakuiert) to Siberia... He would much prefer to resettle (aussiedeln) them in central Africa... In any case, it is the Führer's goal to make Western Europe completely Jew-free. Here they may no longer have their homeland."On 21 August 1942, a confidential memorandum was sent by Martin Luther, a participant of the Wannsee Conference, explaining that the Madagascar plan was outdated:
"The fact that the Führer intends to evacuate all Jews from Europe was communicated to me as early as August 1940... Hence, the basic instruction of the Reich Foreign Minister, to promote the evacuation of the Jews in closest cooperation with the agencies of the Reichsführer-SS, is still in force... the whole problem of the approximately three and a quarter million Jews in the areas under German control can no longer be solved by emigration - a territorial final solution would be necessary... the Führer instead of the emigration had now authorized the evacuation of the Jews to the East as the solution... The intended deportations are a further step forward on the way of the total solution and are in respect to other countries (Hungary) very important. The deportation to the Government General is a temporary measure. The Jews will be moved on further to the occupied Eastern Territories as soon as the technical conditions for it are given."Note: Goebbels has an entry from the same day,
"The Jews are now in large part evacuated (evakuiert) and established in the East. This is quite generous to them. Here the Jewish Question is tackled in the right place, without sentimentality and without much consideration. Only in this way can the Jewish problem be solved."This policy of postponing the Final Solution (the "Brown Portfolio" policy) is further supported by the "Schlegelberger document" which, although undated, is presumably from March 1942. It states:
"Reich Minister Lammers informed me that the Führer had repeatedly declared to him that he wants to hear that the Solution of the Jewish Problem has been postponed until after the war is over."A 9 October 1942 notice captioned, "Preparatory Measures for the Solution of the Jewish Problem in Europe – Rumors About the Position of the Jews in the East" also explains clearly the meaning of "Final Solution":
"A complete removal or withdrawal of the millions of Jews residing in the European economic space is therefore an urgent need in the fight for the security of existence of the German people. Starting with the territory of the Reich and proceeding to the remaining European countries included in the final solution, the Jews are currently being deported to large camps which have already been established or which are to be established in the East, where they will either be used for work or else transported still farther to the East."In a note of 14 November 1942 titled "Financing the measures related to the solution of the Jewish problem" Ministerial Counselor Maedel confirmed that the
"measures appropriate to assuring the final solution of the Jewish problem in Europe"were initially
"the legal emigration of the Jews to overseas countries."However,
"When the war made overseas emigration impossible"preparations were made
"for the progressive clearance of the Reich territory of its Jews by their evacuation to the east."The last time Goebbels mentions evacuating Jews "to the East" is 2 March 1943, although he continually demands their removal or even killing afterwards:
"We are now definitely pushing the Jews out (aus…hinaus) of Berlin. They were suddenly rounded up last Saturday, and are to be carted off (abgeschoben) to the East as quickly as possible."This makes sense given that the Battle of Stalingrad was lost in Feb 1943, and it was only downhill from there.
A 11 July 1943 memo by Martin Bormann claims that Hitler prohibited publicly discussing any "future overall solution" to Jewish Question:
viewtopic.php?t=12928Why would there be a "future overall solution" if they were currently "murder[ing] every last Jew" in Europe?
Another document often cited by OP and other orthodox historians is the Korherr Report. In April 1943, Richard Korherr, Inspector for Statistics at the office of the Reichsführer SS, wrote a 16-page report bearing the title:
"The Final Solution to the European Jewish Question"
The report makes no mention of any mass exterminations of Jews, only referencing evacuations and emigrations. Korherr used the term "Special treatment" (Sonderbehandlung) which has been argued by orthodox historians to be a euphemism – or a "code word" – that always has a homicidal meaning.
In 1977, Korherr wrote a letter to Der Spiegel magazine protesting this claim and said that "Special treatment" in the document referred to "Jews who were to be settled in the district of Lublin."
There are also books on the HolocaustHandbooks.com website showing that "Special treatment" did not necessarily mean killing.
OP stated:
2, I don't believe there are any documents that strongly contradict the orthodox, and very few that do in a modest way (one example would be Himmler's "transit camp Sobibor" )
Sorry, but this is not in any "modest" way. The camp is alleged to have been an extermination camp. Even the "secrecy oath" taken by AR staff described the camps as for resettlement. To be signed by those:
"with special duties in the execution of tasks in the evacuation of Jews within the framework of 'Einsatz Reinhardt'" viewtopic.php?t=12924The documents are extremely clear that there was no "murder every last Jew" policy. It has previously been pointed out that documents you have provided detailing executions of Jews contradicts your position. Indeed, providing a justification for executing Jews (in this case: safety, as they were assisting partisan terrorists) contradicts the "murder every last Jew" hypothesis.