Jewish over-representation in Hungarian Communism

[Lamprecht]

In countries all over Europe, Jews were greatly over-represented in supporting and the implementation of communist governments. This is true also for Hungary.

Some quotes:

The Hungarian Communist party's (HCP) history was from its inception intertwined with the relationship between Jews and non-Jews. When the party was formed in November 1918 its leader, Bela Kun, and at least ten of the seventeen central committee members and sixty per cent of the party membership were Jewish. After holding power with the socialists for 133 days, the party was banned, and its leaders, including Kun, lived in exile in the Soviet Union. Kun was executed in 1937, in one of Stalin's purges, probably on suspicion of having Trotskyite sympathies. If his execution was meant as a warning to the rest of the Hungarian communist leadership, it had the desired effect. Matthias Rakosi would surpass all other party chiefs in the Soviet bloc for his subservience to Moscow. In at least one respect, however, Rakosi did not oblige. Notwithstanding Molotov's advice that with the Soviet Union's liberation of Hungary the Communist Party should be re-established with non-Jews at its helm, the four leading members of the newly formed Central Committee were to be of Jewish origin. As Molotov had anticipated, Jewish prominence in the Communist party could not but affect the population's perception of communism, in a country where in the recent past there had been an overwhelming public reaction of indifference to anti-Jewish laws, ghettoization and the deportation of 500,000 Jews to the Nazi death camps.

The communist leaders returning to Hungary in 1945 after years of exile in Moscow knew that their efforts to expand the party's social base would be hampered by widespread anti-Semitism. However, rather than confront anti-Jewish prejudice, the party suppressed public discussion of matters touching specifically on Jews.

Source: Paul Kelemen, 2012, 'The Hungarian Communist Pary, ethno-nationalism and antisemitism', Twentieth Century Communism, Vol. 4, p. 200

Also:

In early communist Russia the state may again have appeared to be in danger of becoming Jewish, this time because of the number of actual Jews in positions of power, locally as well as centrally, and this again may have influenced both official and popular thought throughout the Soviet period.

Source: Jacob Miller, 1970, 'Soviet Theory on the Jews', p. 45 in Lionel Kochan (Ed.), 1970, 'The Jews in Soviet Russia since 1917', 1st Edition, Oxford University Press: New York


On page 89 of Stanley Rothman's and S. Robert Lichter's 'Roots of Radicalism: Jews, Christians, and the New Left', originally published in 1982 by Oxford University Press, we read:

The leading cadres of Communist party in the postwar period [of Hungary] were Jews, who completely dominated the regime until 1952-53. Then a series of purges, stemming in part from Stalin's anti-Semitism, eliminated many of them. Jews were also active in other parties, including the Social Democrats, before such parties were crushed by the Communist regime. Their role was most significant, however, within the Communist party. The top membership of the new Communist regime, including the secret police, during its first years was almost entirely Jewish. The wags of Budapest explained the presence of a lone gentile in the party leadership on the grounds that a 'goy' was needed to turn on the lights on Saturday [sic].

Rothman and Lichter continue:

Once again, these were largely deracinated Jews who had little or no sense of their Jewish background and little or no sympathy for their Jewish compatriots. Indeed, the remnants of the Hungarian Jewish middle class suffered considerably during their reign, as did Jews in other political parties. Most of the Jews in the party leadership were Stalinists by temperament as well as conviction. As Richard Burks notes, '...they did not let mercy or other humanitarian considerations stand in their way when it came to dealing with the class enemy.' Their rule was Draconian, dominated by terror and characterized by the extensive use of the secret police.

The authors then conclude with these comments:

Jews were on both sides of the 1956 Hungarian revolution. Many old-line Stalinists feared the possibility of retribution should a noncommunist or more liberal regime come to power. On the other hand, many Jewish writers and intellectuals were in the forefront of the reform movement.

[Video] David Irving: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising was an anti-jewish pogrom
https://archive.org/details/youtube-OJHVzYtW-wk

David Irving has a whole book about the Hungarian Uprising. Naturally, it's free:

Uprising! The Hungarian Revolution of 1956
http://www.fpp.co.uk/books/Uprising/index.html
PDF: http://web.archive.org/web/201908030126 ... 1&type=pdf
https://epdf.pub/uprising-the-hungarian ... -1956.html

From the book:

The country would not easily forget the 133 days of [Bela] Kun’s “Soviet republic”. Organised murder gangs, of which a later Reinhard Heydrich or Adolf Eichmann would have been proud, prowled the country on the orders of Otto Korvin and Tibor Szamuely, liquidating “counter-revolutionaries” without trial. In the same year Kun and his followers fled to Moscow, where they split into several rival factions. [Mátyás] Rákosi, who had been one of Kun’s officials, opted for Austria; he outlived his welcome there in 1920 and returned to Moscow. The new regime, led by Admiral Horthy, liquidated the rest of the Communist leaders in what came to be known as the White Terror. Since Kun and all his cronies had been Jews, the pogrom had unmistakably anti-Semitic overtones.

Recommended:

Nationalities of NKVD Purge Officials Identified
viewtopic.php?t=12632

Jews and Communism in Lithuania (1918 to June 1941)
viewtopic.php?t=12634

The Jews behind the Bavarian Soviet Republic of 1919
viewtopic.php?t=12633

[Lamprecht]

The association with Jews and communism has long been referred to as an "Antisemitic trope" yet it appears that in every country with both Jews and a communist movement. The Jewish people are vastly overrepresented as purveyors of this subversive ideology. Just a coincidence of course...

From the now-deleted blog "Semitic Controversies"

The Jewish Role in the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919

The Hungarian Soviet Republic, which lasted for 133 days between 21st March and 1st August 1919, is an often overlooked event in early twentieth century history. It has been largely overshadowed by the February and October revolutions of 1917 in the Russian Empire and the resultant civil war.

When compared to the extreme revolutionary violence happening in Russia before, during and after the First World War. In addition to the better known attempts at communist revolution in Munich and Berlin during 1918. The Hungarian Soviet Republic was a relatively minor affair, but this seeming sideshow is extremely important for understanding the course Europe took over the next decade.

You see the little known is the fact that the rise and the resultant atrocities of the Hungarian Soviet Republic gave rise to Europe’s first anti-jewish racial laws and resulted in the government of Admiral Miklos Horthy taking power in Budapest. (1) Indeed it was after the Hungarian Soviet Republic that the first popular pogroms against the jews after the First World War took place and unfortunately for those who would claim these were ‘irrational people blaming the jews’ there was a very good reason for their occurrence.

You see the Hungarian Soviet Republic was an extraordinarily jewish affair as the Hungarian socialist Paul Lendvai noted in 1988: ‘Many leaders of the Bela Kuhn government had been of Jewish origin.’ (2)

Examining the Hungarian Soviet Republic’s leadership in the form of the Revolutionary Governing Council (‘Forradalmi Kormanyzotanacs’) confirms this. The titular president of the republic was the token non-jewish socialist named Sandor Garbai, (3) while the real power was held by a jewish left-wing journalist named Bela Kun [sometimes spelled ‘Kuhn’] (the People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs). (4) This very quickly resulted in Kun’s word becoming law and his being the effective dictator of Hungary during this period. (5)

Kun had form however. Since he had been significantly involved in causing and then implementing the Bolshevik revolution (6) and openly traded on this fact to maintain his authority within the Hungarian Communist Party [‘Kommunistak Magyarorszagi Partja’] (set up on 24th November 1918). (7) Kun was sent to Hungary by Lenin to ferment revolution (8) as a central element of the latter’s foreign policy was to export the revolution to capitalist states in order to prevent the Bolshevik revolution in Russia being encircled by hostile states and crushed. (9)

After the Hungarian Soviet Republic was extirpated by the Romanian army; Kun was put in charge of the Crimea in 1920 and conducted such vile atrocities that Lenin withdrew him for excessive cruelty. (10) He was described by a contemporary, and echoed more recently by Molnar, (11) as being ‘the incarnation of intellectual inadequacy, uncertainty of will, and authoritarian corruption.’ (12)

Not only that, but we know that Kuhn became a left wing revolutionary because of his jewishness and as a way to ‘fight anti-Semitism’. (13)

Besides Kun the Revolutionary Governing Council comprised the following individuals from 21st March to 3rd April: (14)

Revolutionary Governing Council Chairman: Sandor Garbai
People's Commissar for Internal Affairs: Jeno Landler
Deputy People's Commissar for Internal Affairs: Bela Vago
People's Commissars for Agriculture: Sandor Csizmadia, Karoly Vantus, Jeno Hamburger and Gyorgy Nyisztor
Deputy People's Commissar for Agriculture: Hevesi Akos (appointed before 30th March)
People's Commissar for Military Affairs: Jozsef Pogany (appointed on 2nd April)
Deputy People's Commissars for Military Affairs: Bela Szanto and Tibor Szamuely
People's Commissar for Justice: Zoltan Ronai
Deputy People's Commissar for Justice: Istvan Ladai
People's Commissar for Trade and Industrial Affairs : Jeno Landler
Deputy People's Commissars for Trade and Industrial Affairs: Matyas Rakosi and Jozsef Haubrich
People's Commissar for Food Production: Mor Erdelyi
Deputy People's Commissar for Food Production: Artur Illes
People's Commissar for Education: Zsigmond Kunfi
Deputy People's Commissars for Education: Gyorgy Lukacs and Sandor Szabados (the latter was appointed on 28th March)
People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs: Bela Kun
Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs: Peter Agoston
People's Commissar for Labour and Welfare: Dezso Bokanyi
Deputy People's Commissars for Labour and Welfare: Rezso Fiedler and Antal Guth (the latter was appointed on 28th March)
People's Commissar for German Affairs: Hendrik Kalmar
People's Commissar for Ruthenian Affairs: Oreszt Szabo (who actually took office) and then Stefan Agoston (the latter was appointed on 24th March)
People's Commissar for Financial Affairs: Eugen 'Jeno' Varga
Deputy People's Commissar for Financial Affairs: Bela Szekely
People's Commissar for Production: Vilmos Bohm
Deputy People's Commissars for Production: Gyula Hevesi and Antal Dovcsak

Of these individuals the following members were of jewish origin: Jeno Landler, (15) Jeno Hamburger, (16) Jozsef Pogany, (17) Bela Szanto, (18) Tibor Szamuely, (19) Zoltan Ronai, (20) Matyas Rakosi, (21) Artur Illes, (22) Zsigmond Kunfi, (23) Gyorgy Lukacs, (24) Bela Kun, Antal Guth, (25) Hendrik Kalmar, (26) Eugen 'Jeno' Varga, (27) Vilmos Bohm (28) and Gyula Hevesi. (29)

It is also worth noting that, while I cannot find direct evidence of such, Mor Erdelyi was quite probably jewish as well. Since the first name Mor and the surname Erdelyi are frequently used jewish names and have had significant use in the state of Israel. (30)

Therefore some 17 appointments out of 34 available appointments to the Revolutionary Governing Council between 21st March and 3rd April went to jewish individuals. That is 50 percent of the council, which is approximately ten times the jewish demographic representation (4.9%) in the Hungarian population at the time. (31)

The Revolutionary Governing Council of 3rd April to 24th June was composed of the following individuals:

Revolutionary Governing Council Chairman: Sandor Garbai
People's Commissars for Trade and Industrial Affairs: Eugen 'Jeno' Varga, Antal Dovcsak, Gyula Hevesi, Jozsef Kelen, Matyas Rakosi and Ferenc Bajaki (the latter from 7th April)
People's Commissars for Internal Affairs and Transportation: Jeno Landler and Bela Vago
People's Commissars for Agriculture: Jeno Hamburger, Gyorgy Nyisztor and Karoly Vantus
People's Commissars for Military Affairs: Bela Kun, Vilmos Bohm, Rezso Fiedler, Jozsef Haubrich and Bela Szanto
People's Commissars for Justice: Zoltan Ronai and Istvan Lada
People's Commissars for Food Production: Mor Erdelyi, Artur Illes and Bernat Kondor
People's Commissars for Education: Zsigmond Kunfi, Gyorgy Lukacs, Sandor Szabaos and Tibor Szamuely
People's Commissars for Foreign Affairs: Bela Kun, Peter Agoston and Jozsef Pogany
People's Commissars for Labour and Welfare: Dezso Bokanyi and Antal Guth
People's Commissars for Financial Affairs: Bela Szekely and Gyula Lengyel
People's Commissar for German Affairs: Henrik Kalmar
People's Commissar for Ruthenian Affairs: Stefan Agoston

Of these individuals the following members were of jewish origin: Jeno Landler, Jeno Hamburger, Jozsef Pogany, Bela Szanto, Tibor Szamuely, Zoltan Ronai, Matyas Rakosi, Artur Illes, Zsigmond Kunfi, Gyorgy Lukacs, Bela Kun, Antal Guth, Hendrik Kalmar, Eugen 'Jeno' Varga, Vilmos Bohm, Gyula Hevesi, Bernat Kondor (nee Kohn) (32) and Jozsef Kelen. (33)

Therefore some 19 out of 35 available appointments to the Revolutionary Governing Council between 3rd April and 24th June went to jewish individuals. That is 54 percent of the council, which is approximately eleven times the jewish demographic representation (4.9%) in the Hungarian population at the time.

This continues with the slimmed down Revolutionary Governing Council that ruled Hungary from 24th June to 1st August. This was comprised of the following individuals:

Revolutionary Governing Council Chairman: Sandor Garbai
Deputy Revolutionary Governing Council Chairman: Antal Dovcsak
People's Commissars for Economic Affairs: Eugen 'Jeno' Varga, Gyorgy Nyisztor, Gyula Lengyel and Ferenc Bajaki
People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs: Jeno Landler
People's Commissar for Military Affairs: Bela Szanto
People's Commissar for Justice: Peter Agoston
Deputy People's Commissar for Justice: Zoltan Ronai
People's Commissar for Education: Jozsef Pogany
People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs: Bela Kun
People's Commissars for Labour and Welfare: Antal Guth
People's Commissar for German Affairs: Henrik Kalmar (temporarily until 25th July)
People's Commissar for Ruthenian Affairs: Stefan Agoston (temporarily)


Of these individuals the following members were of jewish origin: Jeno Landler, Jozsef Pogany, Bela Szanto, Zoltan Ronai, Bela Kun, Antal Guth, Hendrik Kalmar and Eugen 'Jeno' Varga.

Therefore some 8 out of 15 available appointments to the Revolutionary Governing Council from 24th June to 1st August went to jewish individuals. That is 53 percent of the council, which is approximately eleven times the jewish demographic representation (4.9%) in the Hungarian population at the time.

Looking at this data we can see that over half of the members of all three iterations of the Revolutionary Governing Council were jewish. That it occurred with all three instances informs us that it cannot be ascribed to coincidence, because it didn't vary significantly during the existence of the Hungarian Soviet Republic (and would reasonably be expected to if it was just coincidental).

I should also note that some of the individuals who I have given the benefit of the doubt as to their jewish identity almost certainly were. Since Mendelsohn concludes that 20 out of 26 individuals who were members of the three iterations of the Revolutionary Governing Council were of jewish origin. (34)

That even so philo-Semitic a historian as Paul Johnson is forced to admit, even while he downplays it, the fact that the leading roles in the Hungarian Soviet Republic were played by jewish individuals is highly significant. (35) As is the fact that the Hungarian Soviet Republic is studiously avoided - even though it is rather important to the subject he was discussing - by Leon Poliakov in his four volume classic 'The History of Anti-Semitism'. (36)

After all had anything other than a hugely disproportionate jewish revolutionary government in Hungary been the case.Then it is reasonable to state that they would have both Johnson and Poliakov would have presented it as evidence that the link between jewishness and participation in left wing revolutionary movement was coincidental.

However jewish involvement in the Hungarian Soviet Republic is even more significant than it first appears. Precisely because I have only pointed out the jewish participation in the Revolutionary Governing Council. I haven't pointed out, to quote Sachar, that: 'Jews in disproportionate numbers served as judges and prosecutors of the revolutionary courts, as propagandists and leaders of Communist youth and women's auxiliaries.' (37)

Chief among these individuals were Otto Korvin-Klein (the Chief Political Prosecutor at the Supreme Revolutionary Tribunal) and Tibor Szamuely (the Commander of all Communist Paramilitaries). (38) Both of these individuals headed up what Lendvai has called 'the merciless persecution' of the opponents and ideologies enemies of the revolutionary government. (39)

Szamuely was particularly notable in that he set up and command the special communist terror unit known as the 'Lenin Boys'. The name referencing Lenin's order to Kun in regards to what to do with opponents of the new Soviet regime: 'shoot them all'. (40) Indeed Szamuely and his 'Lenin Boys' were so brutal – they appear to have delighted in torture for one thing – (41) that they appalled even the notoriously vicious Kun. (42)

Despite Sachar's protestations that the 'Lenin Boys' targeted jews as well as Hungarians. (43) They were primarily deployed against Hungarian peasants and not the highly urbanized jewish population. (44) Sachar claims, for example, that the 'Lenin Boys' killed 160 people in five months, which is rather disingenuous as this statistic seems to be drawn from the number of people executed by the Supreme Revolutionary Tribunal that he also mentions on the same page. (45)

Scholars however put the figure of those murdered not at 160 people, but rather between a few hundred and a few thousand people. (46) Sachar's sheer disingenuousness on this point is presumably because he is aware that the body count of the 'Lenin Boys' is directly attributable to jews. Since they were lead by Szamuely and answerable only to Kun with Korvin-Klein providing the legal justification.

The 27.5 percent representation of jews among the victims of the 'Lenin Boys', which Sachar touts as evidence that jewishness had nothing to do with it (i.e. 44 of the 160 killed were jewish), (47) is not actually an argument that jewishness wasn't a factor in who was killed and who was spared, but rather is the opposite.

This is because the jews, to quote Sachar himself, had 'emerged as Hungary's predominant mercantile and professional community.' (48)

Now lets put some census statistics from 1910 – the last one we have before the Hungarian Soviet Republic came into being - behind that statement shall we?

54 percent of businesses were owned by jews (49)
85 percent of banks and financial institutions were owned by jews [i.e. 282 out of 333 individuals] (50)
19.9 percent of Hungarian land (51)

While jews also compromised the following in Hungary in 1910: (52)

46 percent of journalists
50 percent of lawyers
62 percent of medical doctors

They also accounted between 1900 and 1918 for 26 deputies in the Hungarian parliament and 12 Cabinet Ministers. (53)

So while jews were only 4.9 percent of the population. They accounted for roughly half (and usually more) of the white collar professionals in Hungary at the time. They also happened to comprise nearly all the financiers in the country and half the business owners.

This neatly demonstrates that while a 27.5 percent representation among the victims of the 'Lenin Boys' superficially seems evidence for the jews being specifically target by the revolutionaries.

When you factor in that jews comprised over half the very bourgeois professions that Marxist revolutionaries viewed as their greatest ideological enemies. Then evidence indicates the opposite: that jews were not targeted in approximately half the proportion that they should have been as the ostensible ideological enemies of the revolutionary government.

That there is a causal link between the revolutionary government being disproportionately made up of jewish individuals and the disproportionate lack of violence against jewish capitalists/opponents of the regime is difficult to demonstrate conclusively. However the fact that Kun himself adopted revolutionary Marxism as a response to anti-Semitism is suggestive of just such a conclusion even if it doesn't by itself prove it.

Be that what it may: as we have seen the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919 was disproportionately made up of jews. In addition to the fact that its many crimes against humanity were carried out at the explicit behest of an almost exclusively jewish organizational hierarchy.

Therefore we can see that the revolution that brought the Hungarian Soviet Republic to power was a disproportionately jewish one. A fact that is common to many left wing revolutions at the time such as those of Lithuania and Moldova. (54)



References

(1) Bernard Wasserstein, 2012, ‘On The Eve: The Jews of Europe before the Second World War’, 1st Edition, Profile: London, p. 29
(2) Paul Lendvai, Nick Clark (Trans.), 1988, ‘Hungary: The Art of Survival’, 1st Edition, I. B. Tauris: London, p. 18
(3) Jonas Alexis, 2013, ‘Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: A History of Conflict between Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism from the Early Church to Modern Times’, Vol. II, 1st Edition, Westbow: Bloomington, p. 499
(4) Jorg Hoensch, 1996, ‘A History of Modern Hungary 1867-1994’, 2nd Edition, Longman: New York, p. 92; Miklos Molnar, 2001, ‘A Concise History of Hungary’, 1st Edition, Cambridge University Press: New York, p. 259
(5) Ibid.
(6) Hoensch, Op. Cit., p. 88
(7) Ibid.
(8) C. A. Macartney, 1962, ‘Hungary: A Short History’, 1st Edition, Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, p. 204; Howard Sachar, 2002, ‘Dreamland: Europeans and Jews in the Aftermath of the Great War’, 1st Edition, Vintage: New York, p. 106
(9) Robert Service, 2000, ‘Lenin: A Biography’, 1st Edition, MacMillan: Basingstoke, p. 396
(10) Robert Conquest, 2008, [1990], ‘The Great Terror: A Reassessment’, 2nd Edition, Pimlico: London, p. 403
(11) Molnar, Op. Cit., p. 259
(12) Quoted by Conquest, Op. Cit., p. 403
(13) Sachar, Op. Cit., p. 105
(14) Derived from: https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forradalm ... an%C3%A1cs
(15) Sachar, Op. Cit., p. 104
(16) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hamburger
(17) Cf. Thomas Sakmyster, 2012, 'A Communist Odyssey: The Life of Jozsef Pogany', 1st Edition, Central European University Press: Budapest
(18) Milorad Drachkovitch, Branko Lazitch, 1986, ‘Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern: New, Revised and Expanded Edition’, 1st Edition, The Hoover Institution Press: Stanford, p. 456; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la ... A1nt%C3%B3
(19) Drachkovitch, Lazitch, Op. Cit., p. 455; Macartney, Op. Cit., p. 205
(20) https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_R%C3%B3nai
(21) http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article ... osi_Matyas
(22) https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ill%C3%A9s_Art%C3%BAr
(23) http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article ... i_Zsigmond
(24) Drachkovitch, Lazitch, Op. Cit., p. 282
(25) https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guth_Antal
(26) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Kalm%C3%A1r
(27) Allan Kagedan, 1995, 'Revival, Reconstruction or Rejection: Soviet Jewry in the Post War Years, 1944-48', p. 191 in Yaacov Ro'i (Ed.), 1995, 'Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union', 1st Edition, Frank Cass: Portland
(28) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilmos_B%C3%B6hm
(29) https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hevesi_Gyula
(30) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3r_(given_name) and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C3%A9lyi
(31) Macartney, Op. Cit., p. 161
(32) https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondor_Bern%C3%A1t
(33) https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelen_J%C ... 9rn%C3%B6k)
(34) Ezra Mendelsohn, 1983, 'The Jews of East Central Europe Between the World Wars', 1st Edition, Indiana University Press: Bloomington, pp. 94-102
(35) Paul Johnson, 1987, 'A History of the Jews', 1st Edition, Weidenfeld & Nicholson: London, p. 450
(36) Bela Kun and his government are only mentioned in the context of French anti-Semitic commentary, but never does Poliakov explain why this might have been. Cf. Leon Poliakov, 2003, [1985], 'The History of Anti-Semitism', Vol. IV, 1st Edition, University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia, p. 295
(37) Sachar, Op. Cit., p. 109
(38) Ibid.
(39) Lendvai, Op. Cit., p. 18
(40) Macartney, Op. Cit., p. 205; Molnar, Op. Cit., pp. 258-259
(41) Cf. Cecile Tormay's personal account in her 1923, 'An Outlaw's Diary', 2 Vols, 1st Edition, Philip Alan & Co: London
(42) Hoensch, Op. Cit., p. 96; Robert Service, 2007, 'Comrades. Communism: A World History', 1st Edition, MacMillan: Basingstoke, p. 89
(43) Sachar, Op. Cit., pp. 109-110
(44) Hoensch, Op. Cit., p. 96
(45) Sachar, Op. Cit., p. 109
(46) Molnar, Op. Cit., p. 259
(47) Sachar, Op. Cit., p. 109
(48) Ibid, p. 102
(49) Ibid, p. 102; Macartney, Op. Cit., p. 191
(50) Ibid.
(51) Macartney, Op. Cit., p. 191
(52) Sachar, Op. Cit., p. 103
(53) Ibid.
(54) Jews and Communism in Lithuania (1918 to June 1941) viewtopic.php?t=12634
Jews and Communism in Moldova/Moldavia (1924 - June 1941) https://archive.is/gSaMH

https://archive.is/ADCJ9

[Lamprecht]

To not clutter the thread, I have created documents for two additional articles from the now deleted 'Semitic Controversies' blog by Karl Radl. These articles document the rise of Bela Kun's Hungarian Soviet Republic and its disproportionate domination by the Jewish ethnic minority. Additionally, it is revealed that the Jewish communists actively persecuted ethnic Hungarians, and not their fellow Jews who were a protected elite. Because of this, the widespread opposition to Bela Kun's murderous dictatorship had a strong anti-Jewish element to it.

The 133 Days of Bela Kun
http://web.archive.org/web/201908050000 ... e.it/75fh2 or https://archive.is/B4t4i

Jewish versus Non-Jewish Victims of Bela Kun's Hungarian Soviet Republic
http://web.archive.org/web/201908050007 ... e.it/7i2np or https://archive.is/vlb7c

[Lamprecht]

Some excerpt from Hungarian Jew Raphael Patai's book. It's clearly quite biased, but he does give some insight into why Jews felt justified in promoting communism in Hungary, in contrast to the Hungarian people.

The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology - Raphael Patai
TXT: https://archive.is/W1XOt or http://web.archive.org/web/201909112303 ... g/Xp8Ga5ny
PDF: http://web.archive.org/web/201909112300 ... ess%29.pdf

While the four months of the 1919 Council Republic were but a brief episode in the history of Hungary, they left a lasting impression on the Hungarian mind. The prominent role a few individual Jews and ex-Jews played in the Communist leadership was generalized and "the Jews" were associated with Communism. This resulted in a marked increase in anti-Semitic sentiment and prepared the ground for the excesses of the White Terror...

In the middle of August [1919], the National Army transferred its headquarters from Szeged to Siofok, and within a short time became the deciding factor in the course of events. It was primarily the action of its officers that introduced the "White Terror" by organizing ruthless pogroms without regard for civil authorities. The government contributed its share by ordering numerous arrests and prosecutions. In the first three months of the counterrevolution about 5,000 people were executed and more than 70,000 locked up in jail or internment camps. This was the period when dozens of outstanding Hungarian intellectuals, scholars, scientists, and artists, many of them Jews or ex-Jews, who were in one way or another associated with the Communist regime, even if only remotely (such as by having been appointed to university positions), were either forced to leave the country or left on their own in fear for their lives.
...
By the interwar years, the Jews were—again as a result of developments that had taken place after their emancipation in 1867—a much more urbanized element than the non-Jews...

And even within the urban population, as shown by the various demographic surveys, the Jews were the best-educated element, concentrated in the professional, intellectual, and commercial occupations. A corollary of this not shown by the census was that as a population they were more open to new ideas, trends, and attitudes than the non-Jews who constituted the overwhelming majority of urban and rural workers. Hence, there were relatively more Social Democrats, Socialists, and Communists among the Jews than in the rest of the population.
...
Hungarian people comprised a sizable gentry and nobility class, traditionally dominant in the country, who had an entrenched interest in maintaining the status quo, and thus constituted a conservative counterweight to any innovative tendency that arose among the rest of the population. The Jews, on the other hand, lacked such an element with vested interest in the status quo; they constituted a socially upwardly mobile group whose basic interest lay in bettering their situation both individually and collectively. This meant that Jews were more receptive to ideas and movements that aimed at the introduction of changes in the social order, because any change facilitated upward mobility.
...
As for the Jews themselves, the attention paid in the three years of 1945-48 to the Jewish question and Jewish fate (see chapter 46) had the overall effect of intensifying their awareness of difference from the majority population. They felt that the whole discussion—whatever the participants' perspectives—amounted to one thing: the Jews continued to constitute a separate element in the body of the nation.

However, this persistent feeling of otherness did not mean, at least not in those first few years after the Holocaust, that the Jews rejected assimilationism and consciously turned inward, toward a more intensive Jewish self-identification. On the contrary: many of the survivors turned to Communism as the new savior of humankind in general and the Jews in particular.

[Mortimer]

If you scroll down the page at this link you can get an example from photos of the criminal types who took over Hungary under the leadership of Bela Kuhn. They are taken from the 1923 book An Outlaw's Diary by Cecile Tormay.
http://www.jrbooksonline.com/some_pics_ ... tormay.htm

[Archie]

Joseph Bendersky's The "Jewish Threat": Anti-Semitic Politics of the U.S. Army provided thorough documentation of attitudes toward Jews among American military men in the early to mid 20th century. The intention of it is to condemn anti-Semitism but one of course could also conclude that these military officers might have been on to something.

Within days of Trevor's circulation of the ethnic map [reference is to an ethnic map of NYC], his foresight appeared prophetic, as Communists led by the Russian-trained Bela Kun seized control of Hungary and established a Soviet-style party dictatorship in March 1919. This shocking event also vindicated, in the minds of many, the Jewish-Bolshevik theory, since the principal leaders (and thirty-one of forty-nine commissars) of this Hungarian Soviet Republic were of Jewish heritage.

In the 133 days of this Hungarian regime, it destroyed or outlawed all national symbols, socialized property, collectivized agriculture, attacked church and family, and executed hundreds of opponents. The facts that Jews had been well assimilated in Hungary, had played an important political, social, and cultural role before the war, and had been the leaders in the country's capitalist development was overshadowed by the extremism of an apparently Jewish regime. That the Communist leadership consisted of apostates hostile to Judaism itself who terrorized traditionalist Jews was also overlooked. To anti-Semites then and for decades to come, Bela Kun's regimes represented an unmistakable example of rootless "International Jews," uninhibited by any identification with existing society, who sought the annihilation of life, property, family, and nation. (page 125)

One of the key communists in America was a Hungarian Jew. In the Hiss-Chambers controversy, Whittaker Chambers revealed that the Communist Party had an extensive underground operation dedicated to espionage. And he said the head of the underground organization was a man known as "J Peters." Peters was born Sandor Goldberger in Hungary. Liberals denied all of this for decades but by now it has all been well confirmed. When the Venona decrypts were released in the mid-90s it revealed that Soviet spies had deeply penetrated the Roosevelt government.

[Lamprecht]

HMS has posted a thread:

The Plight of Hungary 1918-1919
viewtopic.php?t=13866

In it, he links the following article which has this text:

Chronicles of the Commune
https://counter-currents.com/2021/01/ch ... otnote3sym | http://archive.fo/rLoef

What makes An Outlaw’s Diary a must-read text is its brutal honesty and its bravery in telling the truth about the racial makeup of the revolutionaries. “The demoniacal organizers,” Tormay writes, “the raving wire-pullers and prompters have taken their place, and for the first time in the long history of Hungary, Hungarians are excluded from every inch of ground, whether the hills and the vales of the Carpathians; or the boundless plains.” [2] Hungarians were replaced by ethnic minorities, most notably Jews. Outside of Budapest, where the Communists did enjoy some support with the proletariat, the Hungarian Bolsheviks found it impossible to convert Slavs, Romanians, or provincial Hungarians, all of whom saw Kun’s government as a Jewish cabal. [3] This was no mere anti-Semitic trope: the leaders of the revolution were almost all Jewish. The hunchbacked Tibor Szamuely was the Deputy People’s Commissar of War and People’s Commissar of Public Education; Kun’s righthand men were Matyas Rakosi (Roth/Rosenfeld) and Otto Korvin (Klein); György Lukács, the son of a millionaire banker who remains a hero to Western Marxists in English departments everywhere, served as a political commissar for the Hungarian Red Army, as well as one of the leaders of Communist education. These men, along with other agitators, made it their mission to disrupt nominal life in the country. For over one hundred days, they succeeded.
...
[3] Keith Hitchens, “The Rumanian Socialists and the Hungarian Soviet Republic,” Revolution in Perspective: Essays on the Hungarian Soviet Republic (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), p. 109

Citation #3's text can be found in this book:

Revolution in Perspective: Essays on the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919
http://web.archive.org/web/202102132249 ... f-1919.pdf | https://pdfhost.io/v/q0~E6FCDF_Revoluti ... f_1919.pdf

[Otium]

From the book cited by Lamprecht previously, we get a confirmation of just how Jewish the Hungarian Communist cabal was:

The membership of the Revolutionary Council varied between 29 and 34 people's commissars and deputy commissars. However, altogether, 45 persons served in the council during the 133 days of the Soviet Republic of whom, in the accounts of various authors, 30 to 34 were Jewish or “of Jewish origin." For these figures and for a variety of estimates on the composition of the council I am indebted to William O. McCagg, “Hungary’s Jewish Ministers and Commissars," paper presented at the Berkeley Conference on the Hungarian Soviet Republic.

Andrew C. Janos, “The Agrarian Opposition at the National Congress of Councils,” Revolution in Perspective: Essays on the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), Pp. 95. Footnote 14.